The Effects Of Alcohol On The Public Health Responsibility...

A second key Government strategy is the pledge to secure the support of the alcohol industry in tackling irresponsible drinking, by building on the Public Health Responsibility Deal (RD) (Home Office, 2012). The RD was introduced in 2011, just before the Government’s Alcohol Strategy was published, and secured 4 main pledges from the alcohol industry which are as follows: firstly to ensure accurate and informative labeling of alcohol; secondly to deal with the issue of underage alcohol sales; thirdly to advertise and market in a responsible way, and finally to support community endeavors to tackle alcohol related harm (Department of Health, 2011). There are obvious benefits to having a voluntary agreement with the alcohol industry as they are in a position of influence regarding consumer habits, they have a marketing reach exceeding that of the Government and other organisations and they also have the expertise to manufacture products that are safer (2010 to 2015 government policy: Harmful drinking, 2015). However, there is also substantial controversy surrounding this strategy. Moodie et al (2013) raise concerns over whether the industry’s primary objective of profit can ever be reconciled with public health’s aim of reducing consumption and subsequent harm, and Katherine Brown, director of the Institute of Alcohol Studies (IAS) states in her British Medical Journal (BMJ) blog that voluntary agreements with industry represent an inherent conflict of interest (Brown,Show MoreRelatedWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 Pagesin ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and p urposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more, detrimental to one’s health than consuming alcohol. Because the legalRead MoreSubstance Abuse Therapy : Ambulatory Care Settings1181 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity July 22, 2015â€Æ' There are various care settings wherein substance abuse therapy services are provided. This include primary care clinics, urgent care center or the hospital’s emergency department, freestanding substance abuse treatment or mental health facility, intensive outpatient and partial hospitalization programs and acute care inpatient settings. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) developed a clinical tool called Placement Criteria, Second edition, revised (PPC-2R), to matchRead MoreBinge Drinking Among College Students And Its Implications On The Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesImplications on the Society Binge drinking is a term used to describe a situation where women drink more than 4 bottles of alcohol in a row and men drink 5 or more bottles of alcohol in a row. It is taking too much alcohol in a short period. Alcohol is a substance that gradually produces an addiction in the body. Many college students use alcohol in recreational activities and parties. The alcohol gradually leads to addiction and causes a decline in their social and academic performance. Additionally, some studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On The Uk And The Health Problems1331 Words   |  6 Pagesis defined as people drinking plenty of alcohol in a short period of time or get drunk (NHS, 2014). In other words, binge drinking is drinking alcohol lead blood alcohol concentration (BAC) equal to or over 0.08g/dL. It means that when men drink more than 5 units of drinks and women have over 4 units of alcohol in around 2 hours is binge drinking.(NIH News,2014)Nowadays, binge drinking have a large propo rtion among youths in the UK, which lead to the health problems to them. In this essay, it willRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1727 Words   |  7 Pagesone glass of wine during her pregnancy, but this is false. It is never recommended for a woman to drink during her pregnancy as it can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a fairly new disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during her pregnancy. Unfortunately, the issue has evolved into a moral panic due to the stigma. There is stigma for the mothers for drinking duringRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered . Lowering The Drinking1132 Words   |  5 Pagesdrinking age was lowered because of health reasons, but it had nothing to do with health-related problems. President Ronald Reagan gave highway funds to whoever would sign the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (Miron). Alco hol is used for many reasons. It is used for peer pressure, celebration, anxiety, rebellion and many other things. Although the minimum drinking age is twenty-one, this does not stop people below that age from drinking. Teenagers still buy alcohol with fake identifications card, andRead MoreReasons For The RTD Ban1092 Words   |  5 Pagessupply of alcohol. The government’s reasons for the RTD ban came from less significant findings from the researchers. The findings relating to RTDs concluded that women between 14 to 24 years were the main purchasers of the beverage and the price of RTDs were significantly low compared to other alcoholic beverages. The report also noted that they were the primary drink used during pre-drinking before town. Further, these drinks have a high sugar content that masked the percentage of alcohol, thus itRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Within Native American Societies Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesimmensely by it. Since the coming of the Englishmen and the introduction of new knowledge and tools Native people have been trying to hold on to their own culture and their own way of life. Unfortunately with them came new items for consumption, alcohol was one of the main ingredients to the internal downfall of Native populations. Native American populations suffer greatly due to the ongoing epidemic of substance abuse and dependence; some things are being done about the problems people are havingRead MoreAdolescent, Pre Teen And Under Age Drinking Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking are as follows: Risk Factors that may cause underage alcohol use and abuse, Prevention of underage alcohol use and abuse, and the Benefits of not participating in underage alcohol use and abuse. I. Introduction: CONFUSION†¦FORGETFULLNESS†¦ARGUMENITIVENESS†¦LOSS OF CONTROL..†¦UNCONSOLABE†¦BLACKOUTS†¦DEATH!!! These are just a few of the state of minds that can occur during adolescent, pre-teen, underage drinking. Are you prepared to deal with the grown up consequences of your grown up actions? ARead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1732 Words   |  7 PagesStates 18 year olds are legally considered adults in our society, but they can’t legally buy or consume alcohol? Yet at this age they are able to vote in an election, get married, serve on a jury, live on their own, purchase cigarettes, adopt a child, and defend our country. These are not easy tasks for one to take on, yet our government thinks that 18 year olds can take on these responsibilities, but not drink responsibly. Our legal drinking age should be lowered to 18 because this is the age when

Abraham Lincoln And Slavery Essay - 969 Words

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What did Abraham Lincoln do and think regarding slavery during the Civil War? In Abrahams First Inaugural Address he states quot;I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.quot;quot; (Pg 53-54) Lincoln did not want the South to be afraid of his Republican Presidency either. That was why he made these statements at his Inauguration about slavery. Lincoln also talks about leaving the returning of fugitive slave clause alone, and keeping it in the Constitution. He†¦show more content†¦Lincoln states quot;If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.quot; Lincoln was strictly for the Union and if he could save the Union and end slavery he would, but his first thoughts were for the Union, and only the Union. He deals with slavery in this manner because he does not want to upset or cause turmoil in the South. Even though the Civil War was going on, he wants it to end and the Union to be whole. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The difference between the First Inaugural Speech and the letter to Horace Greeley was to facilitate in the inauguration speech Lincoln did not want to disarray the entire slavery issue with the South, in addition to abide by the Constitution and keep it that way. In the letter Greeley, Lincoln writes of freeing slaves and saving the Union at the same time if he could have. In the letter Lincoln was entirely for saving the Union. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What these writings tell us about the Civil War and Lincoln as a National Leader was with the purpose of saving the Union was Lincolns idea. He goes through time and changes his mind on altering the current status of slavery. When he wrote the Emancipation Proclamation his intentions were to free the slaves. As a National Leader Lincoln at first tried to pleaseShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln Views on Slavery1608 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln; Indecisively Decisive Michelle Futo AMH 2010-02 November 19, 2012 Former President Abraham Lincoln is accredited for creating the Emancipation Proclamation and ending slavery in the United States. Due to his actions before and during the Civil War, it seems as though Lincoln always viewed slavery as a terrible thing that must be stopped immediately. But that was not how he always felt. Lincoln’s views on slavery varied during his political career and his plan of action wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Abolition Of Slavery879 Words   |  4 PagesEven though the abolishment of slavery is a glorious accomplishment during his administration, it was not the only defining factor of Abraham Lincoln when he was president. Lincoln saw past the inequality of black and white and regarded equality and freedom above all as a basis for a united nation because he wrote the Gettysburg Address at a crucial time during the civil war to earn favor among freed slaves and to those opposed to slavery in the North and he decreed the Emancipation ProclamationR ead More Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln and Slavery Many Americans believe that Abraham Lincoln was the â€Å"Great Emancipator,† the sole individual who ended slavery, and the man who epitomizes freedom. In his brief presidential term, Lincoln dealt with an unstable nation, with the South seceding from the country and in brink of leaving permanently. The differing ideologies between the North and South about the economy and slavery quickly lead to civil war. It was now the duty of Lincoln to maintain the unityRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln on Slavery2158 Words   |  9 PagesAbraham Lincoln on Slavery Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky (Abraham Lincoln Slavery and the Civil War, pg. 211, Johnson). Many Americans believe him to be one of the greatest presidents to ever serve in office. One thing that distinguished Lincoln from all the other former presidents was his distinct philosophy on slavery: that it is unfair and unjust to enslave another human being. Lincoln supported his opinion with a simple formula labeled the ‘Fragment onRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln s Views On Slavery876 Words   |  4 Pagesseparated our country dramatically and on a course for certain changes. This is a time where the social norm of slavery being an idea in which nobody questions is starting to change. The fight over slavery begins between the north and the south. We also see seven states succeed from the union to show their position on the current government and to prove their views on slavery. President Abraham Lincoln assumes office as president in early March , and the Civil War begins just over a month later in 1861. BecomingRead MoreAbraham Lincoln, Slavery and the American Civil War Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigation will analyze how Abraham Lincolns view on slavery reflected during and after the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. To analyze exactly how Lincolns position on slavery affected the war overall, this investigation looks at Lincolns moral and religious views as well as his social and political views. Two main sources were used, both dealing with events relevant to his political career and his roots in his career and other important issues including slavery. Lincoln by David Herbert DonaldRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln: Slavery and The End of the Civil War646 Words   |  3 Pagesnever had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence.† Abraham Lincoln admired the declaration of independence and its founders. The Declaration of Independence was formed by the thirteen States of the confederacy. Represented by American liberty from each state. Twelve of these states where holders of slave. Abraham Lincoln legacy was for all men and women to be created equally. No matter what color or race you are, you have the right toRead MoreEssay about Abraham Lincoln and Slavery during the Civil War2075 Words   |  9 Pages Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me† (â€Å"Letter to Albert G. Hodges† 281 as qtd. in R.J. Norton 1). In accordance with his quote, when President Lincoln issued the unprecedented Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, Lincoln freed slaves in the Southern states, but he and his actions were being controlled by Civil War. The Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 between the Northern states, or the Union, andRead MoreOne Man Making a Difference: Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Essays476 Words   |  2 Pagespeople can agree on the fact that president Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States is considered to be one of the most outstanding citizens. He is known for his presidency which he fought the confederacy during the civil war where he managed to abolish slavery. Which all happened with the help of the Republican party, whom were chosen because he felt like he wanted to make a point and would need the help of a strong party to do so. Lincoln was a man of not only right doings but ofRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president ever because he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarily

Role of superior court judges Essay Example For Students

Role of superior court judges Essay Law is one part of a set of processes, social, political, economic and cultural, which shape and direct the development of society. Like all other mechanisms the law seeks to govern human behaviour. The Irish law system belongs to common law systems established in England by the Norman’s. This type of law responded to actual rather than anticipated problems. In contrast the law in the civil system is contained in comprehensive codes which are enacted by legislators and which attempt to provide for every legal contingency. Case law or ‘la jurisprudence’ has lesser significance and lacks the quality of enjoying in the force of law. Sources of law include Common law, Legislation, Constitution, E.C law, Custom, Canon and international. The courts currently in operation are the District, Circuit, High, Special Criminal, Court of Criminal appeal and the Supreme Court. In the Constitution Articles 34 to37which are headed ‘The Courts’ provide a broad outline regarding the structure of the court system and in terms of legal validity whatever structures exist must conform to the basic framework established by the Constitution. Article 34.1states that ‘justice shall be administered in courts established by law by Judges appointed in the manner provided by this Constitution, and, save in such special and limited cases as prescribed by the law, shall be administered in public’. This signifies that the Irish Constitution has adopted the principle that the administration of justice must be assigned to a separate arm of government, in accordance with the doctrine of the separation of powers which wa s central to the American and French revolutions of the eighteenth century. The significant feature of Articles 34 to 36 of the Constitution is that they refer specifically to the High Court and Supreme Court. By mentioning these it has shown that these courts have special status. These courts are the highest courts in the land with the Supreme Court being the court of final appeal. Up until 1961 the courts in operation were ‘transitory’ courts under Article 58 of the Constitution. After the stateKillian versus Minister for Finance1954 IR207the courtsestablishment and Constitutionact 1961 was passed to regularize the position and ‘establish’ the court system envisaged by Article 34.1. This system remains in existence today and is where Judges operate under. Under the Constitution the judicial function is the third organ of government and consists of the interpretation of the Constitution and the law and its application by rule or discretion to disputes which arise between the State and the individual, and between individual and another individual. Justice is to be administered in courts, established by statute law, by judges appointed in the manner prescribed in the Constitution (Article. 34)The President appoints judges of the ordinary courts. A judge cannot be a member of the Oireachtas, or hold any other position of emolument (Articl e. 35) and on appointment makes a constitutional declaration to ‘duly and faithfully and to the best of his knowledge and power execute the office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will towards any man, and that he will uphold the Constitution and the laws.’ Should this declaration not be made within ten days of entering office, a judge is considered to have vacated that office (Article. 34). The appointment of a judge on the advice of the Government is not one of presidential discretion, but is a function which, in conformity with Article 13.9, is to be performed ‘only on the advice of the Government’. The appointment of a judge, as Finlay P. said in The State (Walshe) V. Murphy is an act ‘requiring the President’s intervention for its effectiveness in law, (but) in fact (it is) the decision and act of the Executive’. This means that any attempt to change the system of appointment by ordinary legislation – by, e.g., requiring the consent of both Houses of the Oireachtas – would probably be unconstitutional in as much as it trenched on a constitutional right of the Executive. In The State (Killian) V. Minister for Justice, the Supreme Court accepted that the judges whose appointment was envisaged by this section were judges of the courts contemplated by Article. 34, i.e., courts which in 1937 were yet to be established. When these were eventually set up in 1961, by the Courts (Established and Constitution) Act of that year, the courts established by the Courts of Justice Act, 1924, and continued in their jurisdictions by the transitory provisions of Article 58., were extinguished. The judges of the old courts, however, were maintained in the equivalent ‘new’ judicial offices, by virtue of the special ‘new’ judicial offices, by virtue of the special provisions of sub-sections 5, 17 and 29 of the Courts (Supplement Provisions) Act 1961. As these were technically fresh appointments, fresh declarations under Article 34.5 had to be made. Under the ‘Courts and Court Officers Act, 1995’, it states that a body of people, who identify and inform the government of the suitability of the people who are to be appointed to a judicial office. This body is known as the Judicial Appointments Advisory Board. The Chief Justice, who is chairperson of the boardThe President of the Circuit CourtA practicing barrister, who is nominated by the Chairperson of the Board and of the Council of the Bar of IrelandA Practicing solicitor, who is nominated by the President of the Law Society of IrelandAlso no more than 3 people appointed by the Minister who are engaged in, or have knowledge or experience of commerce, finance, administration or have experience as consumers of the services provided by the courts that the Minister considers appropriateA person appointed to be a member of the Board who are a barrister or a solicitor and who are appointed by the Minister, are only allowed to be a member of the Board for not more than 3 years but they are eligible for re-appointment to the Board. The Board can act notwithstanding a vacancy an its membership. A person who wishes to be considered for appointment to judicial office shall so inform the Board in writing and shall provide the Board with such information as it may require to enable it to consider the suitability of that person for the judicial office, including information in relation to education, professional qualifications, experience and character. The Board shall where a judicial office stands vacant, or a vacancy in a judicial office arise, submit to the Minister the name of each person who wishes to be considered for appointment and shall recommend to the Minister at least seven people for the appointment to that judicial office. In advising the President in relation to the appointment of a person to a judicial office, the government shall firstly consider for appointment those people whose names have been recommended to the Minister. A notice of an appointment to judicial office shall be published in the ‘Iris Oifiguil’ and the notice shall include a statement that the name of the person was recommended by the Board to the Minister. ‘Law and Politics’ Shaping the FutureWhile law and Politics are not supposed to mix, political allengiegence and beliefs of Judges play a significant role in their appointment. The system of judicial appointment was described as â€Å"a Judicial appointment does not ‘just happen’. It is in a very real sense the finest and the most desirable appointment that the Government can make. It is a In the past, and maybe even today Judges sought to win favour of the Government by in‘State cases’ or by getting to know members of Government personally. While there was certainly a political element to judicial appointment for many years, it must be stated tough that they must have met the qualification standards and they were required to remain independent in their decisions. The system had come in for some criticism and since 1995 new arrangements have been in place which established a more transparent process for judicial appointments. This was established under the Courts and Court Officers Act 1995. An example of how this changed the system of appointments is seen in Section 16 of the Act. This provides that Judges must agree to undertake to any course of training or education required. The Gator Game EssayThe state must also remain independent from the Judiciary. An example of how the court remain independent, is the Byrne versus Ireland case in the Supreme Court which removed the states immunity from being sued. This paved the way for many more similar cases to be tried. The state can now be sued like any other body or company. Recent examples of this include the Army deafness claims. In this case one successful case paved the way for others, and the Government ended up paying large sums of money to the claimants. As a result they set up their own tribunal where they limited the amount of compensation that could be paid in each individual case. Article 35.5 of the Constitution provides: the remuneration of a Judge should not be reduced during his countaince in office. This is important, as so members of the Judiciary do not feel â€Å"obliged† to the Government as continued remuneration depended on them. In the past the Judiciary might have felt that they should make decisions that would not offend those in authority. That however has changed and can be seen in cases such as the Hepatitis C scandal and Army deafness claims. There was also a case in October of this year where Mr. Justice Peter Kelly threatened to hold three Government Ministers in contempt of court if they did not provide a suitable place of detention for a seriously disturbed seventeen year old girl according to the standards set down by him. This led to a conflict between the Government and the High Court. Cases like these show that judges no longer feel ‘obliged’ to the government. Article 35.2 states: All Judges shall be independent in the exercise of their judicial function and subject only to the Constitution and the law. In the â€Å"O’Brien V Minister of Finance† the widow of Mr. Justice John O’Brien claimed that subjecting a Judge’s conflict with Article 35.5 must be read with article 35.2. However the court held that to require a Judge to pay income tax like all other citizens could not be described as an attack on Judicial Independence. In a case a Judge may be required to be excused from the adjudicating on a matter where they have expressed a view on an issue in question. A Fundamental principal of natural justice or fair procedure is expressed by the phrase nemo judex in-causa soa, that a person may not be a judge in their own cause or in a matter in which they have an interest, whether financial or otherwise. All sides to ensure a fair procedure must have an opportunity to prepare their case and be treated in an even-handed manner. Thus in the Dublin Weel Woman Centre Versus Ireland, the Supreme Court held that the High Court Judge Carroll, ought not adjudicate in a case concerning access to information on abortion n as she had previously as Chairwoman of the second omission on the status of women, written a letter to the Taoiseach expressing the support of the commission for right to access to abortion counseling and information services speaking for the Supreme Court, Denham J pointed out that there had been n o suggestion that this letter would have resulted in any actual bias on the part of Carroll J in adjudicating the points of law at issue in the case; rather a Judge should offer to rescue himself or herself where there was even an appearance of bias.This test of appearance of bias rather then actual bias is consistent with the constitutional declaration in article 34.5.1 â€Å"to execute the judicial office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will†. This decision in Dublin Well-woman indicates the high standards of impartiality thus required. Judicial Independence in court also means that the Judge cannot be influenced by the state. This is seen where the court might force the Constitution to be amended. The Judge must be allowed to go against the state if he/she feels the state is wrong. In the Attorney General Versus X, the high court granted the Attorney General an injunction prohibiting the fourteen-year-old girl from leaving the state to have an abortion. It appeare d that in the constitution, abortion was allowed in limited circumstances, to which the Supreme Court agreed, because the right to life of the mother was at risk. In response to the X case three proposed amendments to article 40.3.3 were put to a referendum in late l992. Two of these were passed, but after eight years no legislation on abortion was brought in. Mr. Justice Niall McCarthy lambasted the Government when he described this failure as â€Å"no longer unfortunate, it is inexcusable†. This i a prime example of how Judges are independent from the state in court. Until recently it was unthinkable for a judge to give a comment about a case in which he had been involved. The view is that Judges made decisions but any implications were not matters for them as the Judiciary should stand aloof. In l992 public comments of O’Hanlon J on proposed changes in Irish law on abortion, resulted in his resigning from the position as President of the Law Reform Commission. Altho ugh it did not lead to removal of him as a judge it shows what can happen if they become embroiled publicly in cases on which they hold strong views. The Court system is very detailed and precise in that it doesn’t seem to have any loopholes. However it should have been set up by the Constitution instead of leaving it until the Courts Act in 1961. There is also a clear guideline on how Judges should be appointed which sets a very high standard of qualifications for the appointment of a Judge. However it is clear that the vacant positions are only available to a select few. There are some faults in our system such as the Minister having the power to introduce Legislation after they have been passed. This can be seen in the Attorney General versus X case mentioned previously. I believe the separation of powers is also imperfect, as all departments are interdependent. However I believe this can be a good thing that the powers i.e. legislature, executive and the judicial, are not separated as we the people, benefit from it with Justice. Bibliography: